Penal Transportation
Penal transportation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Penal transportation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: ... Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of convicted ...
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Convicts in Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed. ... with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain. ...
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Transportation versus Imprisonment in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth ...
A wise and free people will never give their voluntary consent, in their collective capacity, to be burthen'd with oppressive taxes, bridled with penal law, and kept ...
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Penal transportation - Everything on Penal transportation (information ...
... transportation refers to the deporting of convicted criminals to a ... In 1787 penal transportation from Britain commenced to New South Wales, a colony ...
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Bruce Kercher | Perish or Prosper: The Law and Convict Transportation ...
... under the same legislation as that in force during transportation to America. ... The law helped to make penal New South Wales into a place of exile and ...
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Convicts in Australia
When Australia became a penal colony, prisoners were sent either to New South ... Those sentenced to transportation were taken to a Hulk, where chances of ...
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Transportation
Transportation is the policy of punishing crime by removing offenders to some penal settlement abroad for a period of years or life. In England the Vagrancy Act of ...
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STEFAN PETROW | Policing in a Penal Colony: Governor Arthur's Police ...
After Bigge found that transportation was an ineffective deterrent, the British ... Seeking to make transportation feared by British criminals, Arthur raised ...
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H-France Review
... Toth states, regarded transportation itself and the penal system in place in ... Though penal transportation has largely come to an end in the Western world, the ...
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Convicts and the colonies: a study of penal transportation from Great ...
Get this at a library near you! -- Author: [A G L Shaw] -- Related Subjects: [Penal colonies Australia. Penal colonies Great Britain Colonies. Australia Exiles. ...
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For other uses see Transport (disambiguation) or Transportation (disambiguation).
, 1792
Transportation or penal transportation is used to refer to the deportation of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then including Ireland) to its colonies in The Americas, from the 1620s to 1770s, and Australia between 1788 and 1868. It can also be used generally to describe such activities.
Overview A Sentence (law) of transportation could apply for life or for a specific period of time. The penal system required the convicts to work, either on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or assigned to free individuals as a source of unpaid labour. Women were expected to work as domestic servants and farm labourers.
A convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave permitting some prescribed Freedom (political). This enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and a few to contribute to the further development of the colonies. Some used the freedom to revert to their previous ways. But exile was an essential component of the punishment. At one time, returning from transportation was a hanging offence.{{cite court |litigants=R v Powell |vol=Sixth session |reporter= Proceedings of the Old Bailey 10th July, 1805 |opinion=t18050710-23 |pinpoint=page 401 |court=[Old Bailey |date= 1805-07-10 |url=http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/html_sessions/T18050710.html --> warns that damage to the bridge can be punished by transportation.
Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. At the time it was seen as a more humane alternative to execution (legal), which would most likely have been the sentence handed down to many of those who were transported, if transportation had not been introduced. From the 1620s until the American Revolution the British colonies in North America received transported British criminals, effectively double the period that Australian colonies subsequently received convicts. The American Revolutionary War brought an end to that means of disposal, and with the remaining British colonies in what is now Canada being periously close to the new United States of America sending people who might easily become hostile to British authorities there was not an option. Thus, the British Government was forced to look elsewhere.
The gaols became more overcrowded and dilapidated ships were brought into service, the 'hulks' moored in various ports as floating gaols.
Transportation from Britain ended officially in 1868, although it had become unusual several years earlier.
In British colonial India, freedom fighters were transported to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman islands.
British transportation to Australia In 1787, the "First Fleet" departed from England, to found the first colony in Australia, as a penal colony. The Fleet's arrival at Port Jackson, on January 26, 1788 (now Australia Day) is considered the founding event in the history of Sydney, as well as New South Wales and modern Australia in general. In 1803, Tasmania (Tasmania) was also settled as a penal colony, followed by the Queensland (Queensland) in 1824. The other States and territories of Australia were "free settlements", as non-convict colonies were known. However, Western Australia adopted transportation in 1851, to resolve a long-standing Labor shortage. Until the massive influx of free immigrants during the Australian gold rushes of the 1850s, the settler population was dominated by convicts and their descendants. Transportation continued until 1868, when it was terminated in Western Australia.
See also
- Banishment
- Deportation
- Devil's Island
- Millbank Prison
- Australian history before 1901
- Convictism in Australia
- :Category:Australian penal colonies
References
- Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society, The National Archives, Kew, Surrey, TW9 4DU.
External links
- UK National archives
- Convict life - State Library of NSW
Penal transportation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Transportation or penal transportation refers to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then ...
Transportation - Penal Colonies of Australia
Transportation. Penal Colonies in Australia. To the Hulk in Chains. Confusion and Delay. Penal Colonies in Australia
Transportation - Confusion and Delay
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Transportation and Penal Servitude Explained
In the records compiled by one of the Bedford Prison Governors, Robert Evans Roberts, the abbreviation YT&PS meaning ....years transportation and penal ...
Transportation and Penal Servitude
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Transportation (penal) - MSN Encarta
Transportation penal, system of exiling criminal offenders from Great Britain to foreign shores, principally from 1787 to the newly discovered
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penal colony. Distant or overseas settlement established to punish criminals with ... Penal transportation Penal welfarism Penal-Debe Regional Corporation Penalara
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Topics: Transportation of Convicts: System of Transportation
Alan Shaw, Convicts and the colonies, a study of penal transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and other parts of the British Empire, (London, 1966);